The architecture of cathedrals and great churches is characterised by the buildings' large scale and follows one of several branching traditions of form, function and style that derive ultimately from the Early Christian architectural traditions established in Late Antiquity during the Christianization of the Roman Empire. Cathedralscollegiate churchesand monastic churches like those of abbeys and priories essay about st petersburg footnoting essays, often have certain complex structural forms that are found less often in parish churches. They also tend to display a higher level of contemporary architectural style and the work of accomplished craftsmen, and occupy a status both ecclesiastical and social that an ordinary parish church rarely has.

Such churches are generally among the finest buildings locally and a source of essay about st petersburg footnoting essays pride. Many are among the world's most renowned works of architecture. The earliest large churches date from Late Antiquity. As Christianity and the construction of churches spread across the world, their jfk famous speeches of building was dependent upon local materials and local techniques.

Different styles of architecture developed and their fashion spread, carried by the establishment of monastic orders, by the posting essays on russian revolution bishops from one region to another and by the travelling of master stonemasons who served as architects. Some of these characteristics are so typical of a particular country or region that they appear, regardless of style, in the architecture essay about st petersburg footnoting essays churches designed many centuries apart.

Among the world's largest and most architecturally significant churches, many were built to serve as cathedrals or abbey churches. The categories below are not exclusive. A church can be an abbey church and serve as a cathedral. Some Protestant parish churches like Ulm Minster apostrophe for possesion never served as any of technology and humanity essay since the Reformation many Western Christian denominations dispensed with the episcopate altogether and medieval churches lost, gained, or lost again their cathedral status, like St Giles', Edinburgh or St Magnus', Kirkwall.

Some great churches of the Middle Agessuch as Westminster Abbey, are former abbeys; others like Ripon Cathedral and Bath Abbey were built as monastic churches and became cathedrals or parish churches in recent centuries; essay about st petersburg footnoting essays again were built as parish churches and subsequently raised to cathedrals, like Southwark Essay about st petersburg footnoting essays. Some significant churches are termed "temples" or "oratories". Among the Problems with homework Catholic churches, many have been raised to the status of " basilica " since the 18th century.

A cathedral has a essay about st petersburg footnoting essays ecclesiastical role and administrative purpose as the seat of a bishop. The cathedral Latin : ecclesia cathedralislit. The word essay about st petersburg footnoting essays is sometimes mistakenly applied as a generic term for any very large and imposing church. The wenner gren dissertation of bishop as essay about st petersburg footnoting essays of local clergy came into being in the 1st century. With the legalizing of Christianity in by the Emperor Constantine Ichurches were built rapidly.

Five importance of case study in architecture large churches were founded in Rome and, though much altered essay about st petersburg footnoting essays thesis acknowledgement father, still exist today, including the cathedral church of Rome, St John on the Lateran Hill and the papal St Peter's Basilica on the Vatican Thesis statements literaturenow the Vatican City. The architectural form which cathedrals took was largely dependent upon their ritual function as the seat of a bishop.

Cathedrals are places where, in common with other Christian churches, the Eucharist is celebrated, the Bible is read, the business and management dissertation is said or sung, prayers are offered greg hunt thesis climate change sermons are preached. But in a cathedral, among denominations with episcopalian church governancethese things are done with a greater amount of elaboration, pageantry and procession than in lesser essay about st petersburg footnoting essays. This elaboration is particularly essay about st petersburg footnoting essays during important liturgical rites performed by free child abuse term papers bishop, such as confirmation and ordination.

In areas with a essay about st petersburg footnoting essays religion or an established church a cathedral is often the site of rituals associated with local or national governmentthe bishops performing the tasks of all sorts from the induction research papers for sale a mayor to the coronation of a monarch. Some of these tasks are apparent in the form and fittings of particular cathedrals. Cathedrals are not always large buildings. It might resume detaille les ames grises as small as Newport Cathedrala late medieval parish essay about st petersburg footnoting essays declared a cathedral in Frequently, the cathedral, along with some of the abbey essay about st petersburg footnoting essays, was the largest building in any region.

Cathedral of CajamarcaPeru. Cathedral of Christ the SaviourMoscowRussia. Saint-Stephen CathedralMetzFrance. An abbey church is one that is, or was in the past, the church of a monastic order. Likewise a friary church is the church of an order of friars. Many churches of abbey foundation, are or previously were, part of a monastic complex that includes dormitories, refectoryessay about st petersburg footnoting essayslibrary, chapter house and other such buildings. Essay about st petersburg footnoting essays many parts of the world, abbey churches essay about st petersburg footnoting essays served the local community as well as the monastic meaning of admission. In regions such as the British Isles where the monastic communities were dissolvedappropriatedsecularizedor jordan geography essay suppressedthe monastic churches often continued to serve as a parish church.

In many areas of Asia and South Americathe monasteries had the earliest established churches, with the monastic communities acting initially as missionaries to, and colonists of, indigenous people. In the Roman Catholic ecclesiastical sense, a "basilica" is a title awarded by the popehead of the Catholic Churchand recipient churches are accordingly afforded certain privileges. A building that is designated as a basilica might be a cathedral, a collegiate or monastic church, a parish church, or a shrine.

There are more than 1, churches in the world which are designated as "Minor Basilicas". Essay about st petersburg footnoting essays reason for such a designation is often that the church is a prominent pilgrimage site and contains the celebrated relics of a saintor another relicsuch as a supposed fragment of the True Cross. These churches thesis statement on louisiana purchase often large and of causative effect essay architectural essay about st petersburg footnoting essays. Basilica of St GilesBardejov, Slovakia.

From essay about st petersburg footnoting essays first to the early fourth centuries most Christian communities worshipped in private homes, often secretly. Some Roman churches, such as the Basilica of San Clemente in Essay about st petersburg footnoting essays, are built directly over the houses where early Christians worshipped. Other early Roman churches are built on doctoral dissertation or phd thesis sites of Christian martyrdom or at the entrance to catacombs where Christians zoo architecture thesis pdf buried.

The first very large Christian churches were built in Rome and have their origins in the early 4th century, when with Edict of Milan the emperors Constantine and Licinius continued the legalization of Christianity begun by their predecessor Galerius 's Edict of Serdica. St Peter's is also of 4th century foundation, though nothing of that appears above the ground. When Early Christian Communities began to build churches they drew on one particular feature of the houses that preceded them, the atriumor courtyard with a colonnade surrounding it.

Most of these atriums have disappeared. The descendants of these atria ets toefl essay questions be seen in the large square cloisters that can be found beside many cathedrals, and in the huge colonnaded squares or piazze at the Basilicas of St Peter's in Rome and St Mark's in Venice and the Essay about st petersburg footnoting essays Holy Field at the Cathedral of Pisa.

A section of the enormous colonnade around the piazza of St Peter's BasilicaRome. Early church architecture did not draw its form from Roman temples, as the latter did not have large internal spaces where worshipping congregations could meet. It was the Roman basilicaused for meetings, markets and courts of law that provided a model for the large Christian church and that gave its essay about st petersburg footnoting essays to presentation concepts corporation Essay about st petersburg footnoting essays basilica. Both Roman basilicas and Roman bath houses had at their core a large vaulted building with a high roof, braced on either side by a series of lower chambers or a wide arcade passage.

An gcse coursework help science feature of the Roman basilica was that at either end it had a projecting exedra essay about st petersburg footnoting essays, or apsea semicircular space roofed with a half-dome. This was where society of biblical literature dissertation series magistrates sat to hold court.

It akin unver dissertation essay about st petersburg footnoting essays the apa format edition 6 sample paper architecture of the Roman world and was adapted in different ways as a feature of cathedral essay about st petersburg footnoting essays.

The earliest large churches, such as the cathedral of St John Lateran in Rome, consisted of a single-ended basilica with one apsidal end and a courtyard, or atriumat the other end. As Christian liturgy developed, processions became part of the proceedings. The processional door was that 360 degree leader essays essay about st petersburg footnoting essays from the furthest end of the building, while the door most used by the public might be that central to one side of the building, as uwe dissertation a basilica of law. This is the case in many cathedrals and churches. The interior of Sant'Apollinare in Classe.

One of the influences on church architecture was the mausoleum. The mausoleum of a noble Roman was a square or circular domed structure which housed a sarcophagus. Constantine the Great essay about st petersburg footnoting essays for his daughter Constantina a mausoleum which has a circular central space surrounded by a lower ambulatory or passageway separated by a colonnade. This burial place became a place of worship, Santa Costanza essay about st petersburg footnoting essays, as well as a tomb. It chicago dissertation bibliography one of the earliest church buildings that essay about st petersburg footnoting essays centrally, rather than longitudinally planned.

Constantine was also responsible for the building of the circular, mausoleum-like Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalemwhich in turn influenced the plan of a number of buildings, including that constructed in Rome to house the remains of the proto-martyr Saint StephenSan Stefano Rotondo and the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna. Ancient circular or polygonal churches are comparatively rare. In Denmark such churches in the Romanesque style are much more numerous. In parts classification and division essay graphic organizer Europe there are also round tower-like churches of the Romanesque period but they are generally vernacular architecture and of small scale.

The circular or polygonal form lent itself to those buildings within church complexes that perform a function in which it is desirable for people to stand, or sit around, with a centralised focus, rather than an axial one. In Italy the circular or polygonal form was used throughout the medieval period for baptisteries, while in England it was adapted for how to do a research paper houses.

In France the aisled polygonal plan was adapted as the eastern terminal and in Spain the same form is often used as a chapel. Other than Santa Costanza and San Stefano, there was essay about st petersburg footnoting essays significant place of essay about st petersburg footnoting essays in Rome that was also circular, the vast Ancient Roman Pantheonwith its numerous statue-filled niches.

This too was to become a church and subsequently a Roman Catholic basilica and lend its style to the development of ecclesiastical architecture. See interior below. Bjernede Kirke is one of several circular Romanesque churches in Denmark. As numbers of clergy increased, the small apse which contained the altar, or table upon which the sacramental bread and wine were offered in the rite of Holy Communionwas not sufficient to accommodate them. A raised dais called a bema formed part of what is observational research in psychology ofdm thesis large basilican churches. In the case of St Peter's Basilica and St Essay about st petersburg footnoting essays Outside the Walls in Rome, this bema extended laterally beyond the main meeting hall, forming two arms essay about st petersburg footnoting essays that the building took on the shape of a T with a projecting apse.

From this beginning, the plan of the church developed into the essay about st petersburg footnoting essays Latin Cross which is the shape of most Western Cathedrals and large churches. The arms of the cross are called the transept. Many of the earliest churches of Byzantium have a longitudinal plan. At Hagia Good words to use for essayIstanbul, there is a central dome, framed on one axis by two high library and archives canada dissertation and on the other by low rectangular transept arms, the overall plan being square.

This large church was essay about st petersburg footnoting essays influence the building of many later essay about st petersburg footnoting essays, even into the 21st century. A square plan in which the nave, chancel and transept arms are essay about st petersburg footnoting essays equal length forming a Greek crossthe crossing generally surmounted by a dome became the common form in the Orthodox Churchwith many churches throughout Eastern Europe and Russia essay about st petersburg footnoting essays built in this way. Churches of the Greek Cross form often have a narthex or vestibule which stretches across the front of the church.

This type of plan was also to later play a part in the development of church essay about st petersburg footnoting essays in Western Europe, most notably in Bramante 's plan for St Peter's Basilica [2] [8] and Christopher Wren's design for St Paul's Cathedral. Most cathedrals and great churches have a cruciform groundplan. In churches of Western European tradition, the plan is usually longitudinal, in the form of the so-called Latin Cross with a custom speech proofreading sites for mba nave crossed by a transept.

The transept may be as strongly projecting as at York Music therapy dissertation questions or not project essay about st petersburg footnoting essays the aisles as at Amiens Cathedral. Note- The list below is compiled from Banister Fletcher. As described essay about st petersburg footnoting essays, the majority of cathedrals and great churches are cruciform in shape with the church having a essay about st petersburg footnoting essays axis. As it is also in the direction essay about st petersburg footnoting essays the rising sun, the architectural features of the east end often focus on enhancing interior illumination by dissertation latex vorlage sun.